HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that targets the immune system, specifically infecting CD4+ T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. These cells play a crucial role in organizing the immune response and defending against infections. Once HIV enters the body, it binds to CD4 cells and transfers its genetic material into them. The virus uses the DNA of these cells to replicate itself and spread throughout the body. Over time, the number of CD4 cells decreases, the immune system weakens, and the individual becomes vulnerable to infections.
If untreated, an individual with HIV can become defenseless against even simple microorganisms. Diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, diarrhea, meningitis, and pneumonia, which are typically treatable, may become life-threatening. Furthermore, HIV-positive individuals are also at higher risk for developing cancers.
Under what conditions is HIV contagious?
HIV is transmitted when body fluids from an infected individual—such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, pre-ejaculatory fluid, or breast milk—come into contact with a healthy person. The most common routes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, blood transfusions and organ transplants, the use of non-sterile needles or syringes, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
There are many misconceptions about HIV transmission. HIV is not transmitted in everyday situations, such as shaking hands, hugging, kissing, or touching. It also cannot spread through body fluids like tears, sweat, or saliva. Sharing common spaces like showers, toilets, pools, or saunas does not pose a risk either. You cannot contract HIV by using the same plates, cutlery, or glasses as someone who is HIV-positive. Similarly, contact with animals or being bitten by insects, including mosquitoes, does not lead to transmission.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
When HIV progresses, it leads to the advanced stage of the infection known as AIDS. AIDS is not a standalone disease but a syndrome resulting from the severe weakening of the immune system, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
If left untreated, HIV-positive individuals may experience a complete immune system breakdown approximately 10 years after infection and enter the AIDS stage. During this stage, the immune system fails to defend against infections and multiple infections may occur simultaneously.
Progression of HIV Infection
HIV infection typically progresses through three main stages. The first is the Acute Stage, which occurs within the first 1-6 weeks after the virus enters the body. During this period, the virus multiplies rapidly and often causes flu-like symptoms. The second stage is the Asymptomatic Stage, which can last 6-13 years. In this stage, the individual doesn’t experience symptoms, but the virus is still active and the person remains infectious. Finally, the AIDS Stage marks the collapse of the immune system, leaving the individual vulnerable to opportunistic infections that the body would normally be able to fight off.
HIV Testing
HIV diagnosis is based on the following tests:
- Antibody Tests: Measure the immune system’s response to HIV.
- Antigen Tests: Detect proteins on the surface of the virus.
- Genetic Material Analysis: Measures the genetic structure of the virus.
So how do we treat it?
Modern treatment methods for HIV-positive individuals suppress the virus’s replication, thereby preserving the immune system. Effective treatments allow HIV-positive individuals to live long and healthy lives without progressing to AIDS. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for controlling the infection and preventing its progression. Preventive measures such as avoiding unprotected sexual contact, using sterile medical equipment, and implementing strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission are essential in reducing the spread of the infection.
Global and Local Perspective
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 37 million people globally live with HIV. This highlights HIV as a significant global health issue. Addressing misinformation and stigma within society is critical for controlling the infection and supporting affected individuals.
Hello! I am Melis Esma Demirbilek, a 3rd year student at Biruni University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics. My passion for scientific research and curiosity about biology led me to both academic and social projects. I am currently working as a writer on the Biologyto page, producing current and interesting content about biology. My future goal is to create both academic and social benefit by contributing to scientific studies.
